Individual Experience Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Singular Experience - Research Paper Example TDSB is controlled by a Director of Education: Chris Spencer and a Board of Trustees including 22 individuals who are freely chosen to guarantee that worries voiced by the network and the understudies are managed. This board guarantees that all understudies have a happy with learning condition that best draws out their capacities and uses their maximum capacity. The board likewise involves a group of official officials that persistently serve understudies, staff and the network upgrade scholastic execution and regulate the learning procedure among others. The great boss representative relationship bolstered at TDSB tricked me to apply for entry level position to work at the school office Support Department. My job was to help the auxiliary school office aide to accomplish authoritative work which managed IPRC documentation, understudy participation, report cards, records and information bases, finance records, bookkeeping records, understudy enlistment and understudy transportation. I was additionally expected to offer secretarial help benefits and guarantee there was a technique set up for dealing with health related crises and general understudy non-attendance. On the other hand, under the oversight of the primary school secretary I was now and again accountable for the gathering which involved getting approaching calls, inviting visitors and guaranteeing there is a smooth raptor between the understudies, guardians, the network and TDSB staff. This was equipped towards guaranteeing all the administrations gave by the school office bolster office were client centered. TDSB holds the lives of people in the future into its hands hence it has an extremely fragile obligation of guaranteeing the ability of every understudy is properly sustained and not overlooked. Be that as it may, to have the option to completely comprehend the pretended by TDSB in building an all encompassing network it is essential to know its crucial, objectives and destinations. TDSB centers and completely uses the help gave by the network to guarantee every understudy acquires the necessary aptitudes, capacities and information to draw out their maximum capacity as understudies and later as grown-ups. This goes connected at the hip with its strategic specifies the requirement for, â€Å"all understudies to arrive at significant levels of accomplishment and to obtain the information, aptitudes and qualities they have to become dependable individuals from a just society† (http://www.tdsb.on.ca). TDSB can try its statement of purpose by esteeming every understudy, cultivating a government funded instruction framework that is solid, setting up a dependable and beneficial organization between the schools, network and understudies, saddling decent variety and uniqueness in the network and inside the understudies. It additionally upgrades proficiency and abilities of the staff, a protected, conscious and positive learning experience to viably support the gifts everythi ng being equal, responsibility, value, openness and advancement. The above infer that TDSB utilizes an engaged system for procedure choice and plan. This is on the grounds that the educational committee just spotlights on a particular age gathering of understudies that just dwell in Toronto by executing a minimal effort advantage inside that barely characterized advertise. So as to accomplish its targets the leading group of trustees, officials and the chief of training have figured a miner methodology typology that empowers the board to actualize thoughts that are consistent with outer variables including the network. With such a technique typology TDSB can be creative, find new

Middle east and international relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Center east and universal connection - Essay Example that generously ‘oils’ the world since huge volumes of unrefined petroleum, a key wellspring of vitality for human worldwide use, are mined in this area (Ismael p.183). Because of its key position and various stores for oil assets, Middle East has advanced as one of the most basic areas of contemporary world. As far as political security, Middle East has not been fortunate as most countries of the locale experience unsteady world of politics, an open door that has been abused by superpower countries as they battle it out to pick up advantage in the district (Ismael p.183). Financially, this is a district portrayed by poor monetary record for nearly the past two centuries. Contrasted with other western nations, the region’s per capita pay apparently is not exactly 33% of per capita pay in the greater part of the propelled countries and future is just about eight years lesser (Kuran p.1). On generally, significant countries of the district are portrayed as poor entertainers financially (Kuran p.1). One hypothesis that despite everything stays contested for giving motivations to underdevelopment of the district hypothesize that Islam ‘inhibits’ financial advancement of the area through its ‘culturally insensitive’ viewpoints, for example, â€Å"fatalism, personalism, sluggishness, absence of interest, doubt of science, strange notion, conservatism and traditionalism† (Timur p.2). Subsequently, the quintessence of this paper is to take a gander at issues of Middle East as it impacts global relations. Israel-Palestine strife is an issue that can't be settled today, tomorrow or the following day. It is a hot issue that the two sides upheld by their different worldwide partners have drawn closer with specific unequivocal positions solidifying each day. The issue begins from occasions of 29th November 1947 when the United Nations’ General Assembly passed a goals to parcel Palestine into two nations one involved by Jewish and another involved by Arab (Karsh p.8). Jerusalem was to

The Dangers of Substance Abuse in the Workplace

The Dangers of Substance Abuse in the Workplace Addiction Drug Use Print The Dangers of Substance Abuse in the Workplace By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on February 18, 2020 Juice Images Ltd / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Alcohol and drug abuse by employees cause many expensive problems for business and industry ranging from lost productivity, injuries, and an increase in health insurance claims.?? The loss to companies in the United States due to alcohol and drug-related abuse by employees totals $100 billion a year?, according to the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI). These staggering numbers do not include the cost of diverting company resources, that could be used for other purposes, toward addressing substance abuse issues. Nor does it include the pain and suffering aspects, which cannot be measured in economic terms. Drinking and drugging among U.S. workers create costly medical, social, and other problems that affect both employees and employers. Substance abuse among employees can threaten public safety, impair job performance and threaten their own safety. Problems Caused in the Workplace In addition to deaths and accidents, absenteeism and loss of production, other problems that alcohol and drug abuse can cause on the job include: Tardiness/sleeping on the job??Hangover or withdrawal affecting job performancePoor decision makingLoss of efficiency??TheftLower morale of co-workersIncreased likelihood of having trouble with co-workers/supervisors or tasksPreoccupation with obtaining and using substances while at work, interfering with attention and concentrationIllegal activities at work including selling illicit drugs to other employeesHigher turnoverTraining of new employeesDisciplinary procedures Measuring the Costs of Substance Abuse However, costs to businesses can be measured at the expense of absenteeism, injuries, health insurance claims, loss of productivity, employee morale, theft, and fatalities. Impact of Drug and Alcohol Abuse According to NCADI statistics, alcohol and drug users:Are far less productive.Use three times as many sick days.Are more likely to injure themselves or someone else.Are five times more likely to file a workers compensation claim. One survey found that nine percent of heavy drinkers and 10 percent of drug users had missed work because of a hangover, six percent had gone to work high or drunk in the past year, and 11 percent of heavy drinkers and 18 percent of drug users had skipped work in the past month. Factors Contributing to Employee Substance Abuse Research has shown that several factors can contribute to problem drinking and drugging in the workplace. Factors that can encourage or discourage workplace substance abuse include: Workplace culture and acceptance of drinking/drugging??Workplace alienation??Availability of alcohol and drugsExistence and enforcement of workplace substance abuse policies Workplace Culture The culture of the workplace can play a large role  in whether drinking and drug use are accepted and encouraged or discouraged and inhibited. Part of this culture can depend on the gender mix of employees. In predominantly female occupations research shows that both male and female employees are less likely to have substance abuse problems compared to employees of both genders in male-dominated occupations.?? How the Effects of Alcoholism Differ in Men Studies have found that male-dominated occupations create heavy drinking cultures in which employees drink to build solidarity and show conformity. Therefore, these occupations have higher rates of alcohol- and drug-related problems.?? Any industry or organization can be affected by workplace alcoholism, but research shows it is prevalent in these industries: food service,?? construction, mining and drilling,?? excavation, installation, maintenance, and repair. Workplace Alienation Research shows that the job itself can contribute to higher rates of employee substance abuse. Work that is boring, stressful?? or isolating can contribute to employees drinking. Employee substance abuse has been linked to low job autonomy, lack of job complexity, lack of control over work conditions  and products, boredom, sexual harassment, verbal and physical aggression, and disrespectful behavior. Alcohol Availability The availability and accessibility of alcohol can influence employee drinking. More than two-thirds of the 984 workers surveyed at a large manufacturing plant said it was easy or very easy to bring alcohol into the workplace, to drink at workstations, and to drink during breaks. In cultures where alcohol is prohibited, drinking on the job and drinking, in general, is decreased significantly. Supervision The level of supervision on the job can affect drinking and drugging at work rates. A study of evening shift workers, when supervision was reduced, found that employees were more likely to drink at work than highly supervised shifts. Casual Drinkers Are a Problem, Too Remarkably,  research shows it is the social drinkers, not the hard-core alcoholics or problem drinkers, who are responsible for most of the lost productivity, according to a Christian Science Monitor article, specifically tying the hangover issue to production in the workplace?? What are the Symptoms of a Hangover? This study also found that it was managers, not hourly employees, who were most often drinking during the workday. And 21 percent of employees said their own productivity had been affected because of a co-workers drinking Twenty-three percent of upper managers and 11 percent of first-line supervisors reported having a drink during the workday, compared with only 8 percent of hourly employees. Prevention Works When the issue of workplace substance abuse is addressed by establishing comprehensive programs, it is a win-win situation for both employers and employees, according to the U.S. Department of Labor. A study of the economic impact of substance abuse treatment in Ohio found significant improvements in job-related performance: 91 percent decrease in absenteeism88 percent decrease in problems with supervisors93 percent decrease in mistakes in work97 percent decrease in on-the-job injuries. Companies and employers, large and small, can adopt a workplace substance abuse policy that will reduce the loss of productivity and provide a safer work environment for all. Workplace Drug Testing and Meeting the Legal Guidelines

Risk Management Practices by Royal Shell - 1909 Words

{draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} Risk Management practices by Royal Dutch Shell plc {draw:frame} Risk factors considered by Royal Dutch Shell plc Prices of oil, natural gas, oil products and chemicals are affected by supply and demand. Factors that influence these include operational issues, natural disasters, weather, political instability, or conflicts, economic conditions or actions by major oil-exporting countries. Price fluctuations can test our business assumptions, and can affect Shell’s investment decisions, operational performance and financial position. CURRENCY FLUCTUATIONS AND EXCHANGE CONTROLS As a global company, changes in currency values and exchange controls could affect our operational performance and†¦show more content†¦Shell uses risk management systems for recording and valuing instruments. There is regular review of mandated trading limits by senior management, daily monitoring of market risk exposure using value-at-risk (VA R) techniques (see below), daily monitoring of trading positions against limits and marking-to-market of trading exposures with a department independent of traders reviewing the market values applied to trading exposures. Shell’s exposure to substantial trading losses is therefore considered limited. Shell utilises VAR techniques based on variance/covariance or Monte Carlo simulation models and make a statistical assessment of the market risk arising from possible future changes in market values over a 24-hour period and within a 95% confidence level. The calculation of the range of potential changes in fair value takes into account positions, the history of price movements and the correlation of these price movements. Each of the models is regularly back tested against actual fair value movements to ensure model integrity is maintained. Credit risk Shell has policies in place to ensure that wholesale sales of products are made to customers with an appropriate creditworthi ness. In addition, Shell has policies that limit the amount of credit exposure to any financial institution. There has been no significant level ofShow MoreRelatedSWOT Analysis of Shell in Nigeria1364 Words   |  5 PagesOverview of Shell and Operations - Shell is a group of energy and petrochemicals companies, which are operating in more than 140 countries and territories. The Royal Dutch/Shell Group, commonly know as Shell, is an amalgam of over 1,700 companies all over the world. 60% of the Group is owned by Royal Dutch of the Netherlands, and 40% is owned by the Shell Transport and Trading Group of Great Britain. These two companies have worked together since 1903. Shell includes companies like Shell PetroleumRead MoreRoyal Dutch and Shell1212 Words   |  5 PagesBackground. 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Royal Dutch Shell is active in more than 130 countries and territories, and employs 108,000 people worldwideRead MoreSi Report Case Study Royal Dutch Shell2804 Words   |  12 PagesROYAL DUTCH SHELL Royal Dutch Shell (Shell) is a worldwide group of oil, gas and petrochemical companies that explores for, produces and trades in a range of energy resources. Royal Dutch Shell also has a broad portfolio of hydrogen, biofuels, wind and solar power interests, and also provides consultancy and technical services as well as research and development expertise to the energy industry. 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Analysis Of The Movie Foxy - 887 Words

Foxy was having the most weirdest hour of her life. She was riding piggyback on the robot and ripping out wires of all sorts while biting and snapping at the robot s small mechanical head. Around her Lumo, Snowy, Bolt, and Cougy, where in a battle with 15 robots. Acorn was pulling pine cones out of her back pack and firing them like a machine gun. â€Å"How many things can she fit in there† asks Foxy to herself. But probably the most effective person on the team for destroying the robots was her sister Wolfy. Around her the ground was littered with wires and machine parts. After throwing/chewing off the robots head Foxy joined her sister and they started to making their way threw the crowd of robots towards the boys to help in their struggle. â€Å"Hi, Foxy† says Snowy as he claws the arm of a robot â€Å"It would be amazing to see if the robots could grow back body parts.† â€Å"Uhh† replies Foxy â€Å"I don t think that they could unless they re part s tarfish or something.† right then something clicked in her head. â€Å"DNA! That s what happened to us!† â€Å"Yes Foxy, we all started out with our own DNA.† says Wolfy as she she snaps a robot in half with a quick pounce. â€Å"Not what I meant.† replies Foxy as she dodges a slice from a robotic arm â€Å"The pool gave us the DNA of the animals that we saw in the dream!† â€Å"Well you know that might be correct.† Says Wolfy as she momentarily stopped fighting â€Å"Then wouldn t that mean that we would not be sisters any more?† â€Å"Maybe, but I don t think itShow MoreRelatedThe Construction of Amanda Knox as an Other Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"sex orgy gone wrong†. Knox was constantly referred to as â€Å"Foxy Knoxy†, a moniker taken from her MySpace page (Fernandez Hale, 2007). This had a double effect: not only did Knox’s sexually suggestive behaviour correlate with the â€Å"sex attack† (Lawton, 2007), Knox was portrayed to be actively involved in this personal branding. She was stated to have â€Å"styled herself Foxy Knoxy† (Dailymail.co.uk, 2007) and â€Å"delight[ed] in the nickname Foxy Knoxy† (Mirror.co.uk, 2007), suggesting that she took pleasureRead More Gender Dichotomies on MTV Essay4969 Words   |  20 Pagesexperiencing the variability of those social constructions than has ever been available before, (Rubey 902). The predominance of these prejudices today is evidenced by the overabundance of sexual images in videos and by analyzing the songs’ content. This analysis is not often difficult to comprehend because the sexual images and lyrics are explicitly clear. In 2000, for instance, there were three hits that all dealt with the female posterior – Sisqo’s Thong Song, Back that Thang Up by Juvenile, and Mystical’sRead MoreAmerican Slang Essay 115481 Words   |  62 Pagesare the standard in referring to a femal e student, for instance, canary, hen, pullet, and quail; and a female residence hall is a hen coop/ranch/roost, quail roost or jail.[14] During the period from 1900 to 1970, the scholarly collection and analysis of American college slang was at best sporadic. However, in these scattered treatments can be seen traces of the major changes that transformed college slang and college culture by the 1970s. By 1926-27, slang at Kansas University depicted not only

Learning Analysis Free Essays

I wanted to apply for a job maintaining databases; however, the company I was applying for used a different program which I needed to learn before being considered for the application. Although I had no assurance of being hired, I bought the program and the book and resolved to learn the program on my own. Whether I get the job or not, I have learned something new to add to my rà ©sumà ©. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now In my Human Resources Management class, we were taught that the best way to gather information about the prospective applicant is to look at their rà ©sumà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s and that it is often the most used preselection tool. A rà ©sumà © that is complete and presents current information about one’s qualifications and skills will get the most points during selection (Newell Scarborough, 2002). Moreover, it is also important that when a skill or expertise is listed on a rà ©sumà © it is actually verifiable and that one could demonstrate it if needed. This meant that if I really wanted that job, I should be able to master this program or be able to work with it before I submit that application letter. I approached the task with a sense of urgency since the deadline for the application was in a week. I recalled that in the recruitment process, it is important to have a time frame of the recruitment activities as sometimes the need for an applicant to the position is immediate (Newell Scarborough, 2002), since the time frame for the application process was in a week, I figured the company must really be in a hurry to fill the job vacancy. A vacancy in the company can be brought about by external turnovers, where the employee voluntarily leave the company, or an internal turnover, where the employee is promoted to a higher position (Mathis Jackson, 2006). Database administrators usually work alone and it is a very specific job that its job description is basically about how to enter and update information in the company’s database and based on this, I deduced the former employee of the company I was setting my eyes on resigned. Voluntary resignations often occur because of the need for better paying jobs, job dissatisfaction, disagreement with the management and a whole lot more. However, it would be too much of me to think so far ahead about the reasons why the former database administrator left; it’s the case of counting the rotten eggs even before finding the hen. I was in the middle of my thoughts when I realized that I was not yet working on the program. So I proceeded to install the program on my computer and scanned the guidebook to familiarize myself with the icons and the layout of the interface. Setting up the program on my computer was easy; I followed the instructions carefully and installed the software tutor to help me. Then, I had the book of instructions and proceeded to punch out some commands and clicked on the icons on the screen in front of me. Then after 10 minutes, I realized I was not learning anything! I could not make heads or tails about what the program was about really, and it was like a tangle of senseless letters and numbers. Besides, my head was spinning from straining my eyes at the monitor and then looking at the guide book and asking help from the program tutor. In this predicament, I found myself looking back at the human resource management theories that I took up this semester at the university. HR concepts and theories are actually valuable instruments that would help organizations become productive (Ulrich Brockbank, 2005) I remembered that motivating people to learn something new or to have them attend skills training is one of the most difficult tasks that an HR manager have to face. Research had found that employees willingly attend trainings and workshops since it would free them from their daily work routines, however, whether they learn anything from it or not has not been established (Kraiger Ford, 2006). Although, researchers agree that an employee who have positive attitudes towards the training program would likely benefit more from the training while a negative attitude towards the training sessions would mean that the possibility of learning has already been blocked. Designing an effective training program should be based on motivation theories and adult learning. Motivation theories indicate that in order for the individual to accomplish a task, the goal itself should be one that the individual values (Mathis Jackson, 2006). This would mean that the training should be one that is related to the work tasks of the employee and that it could be perceived as an opportunity for growth and development. Training activities should also be designed to provide opportunities for the participants to succeed and feel that they are competent, thus, if the skills training is about making performance evaluation instruments then the participants could be asked to make their own instrument and input can be given in how to make performance evaluations which would either validate the participants skills or teach them new ones. The needs theory of motivation also says that trainings should answer a need; this means that the employee will perceive the training as personally important to him/her if it satisfies a need. The need for growth, for achievement, for competence and for affiliation is answered by training programs. When an employee is required to attend a training workshop, it tells him that the company wants him to become better at his job, that they care about his personal quest for professional growth, and that the company is looking after their employees (Pfeffer   Veiga, 1999). Aside from motivation, a key factor in effective training programs is adult learning theories. The effectiveness of trainings and workshops is measured by the amount of skills transferred from the training to the actual job (Kraiger Aguinis, 2001). However, literature says that training effectiveness in terms of learning transfer has not been adequately studied due to the difficulty of monitoring learning in the workplace. Adult learning theories suggests that adults learn experientially, that is by doing and applying what is being taught (Nkomo, Fottler McAfee, 2005). Thus, if the skills being taught are customer service courtesy, it would be more effective if the skill is taught using role playing techniques and applying it to real life situations than if it was just taught using lectures. Moreover, learning happens in a continuum, one being effective learning and remembering and the other is end is forgetting and decay. Thus, trainings should be given periodically, it should not be a one-shot deal where you would expect that everything is learned and that it should not be repeated (Salas,  Cannon ­Bowers,  Rhodenizer  Ã‚  Bowers, 1999), however it makes no sense to train employees on something that they do not need or one that is not relevant to their jobs. After, this musings and theoretical exercise, I went back to my database program and begun learning it in a different approach. First off, I delegated a time for my learning schedule that is on the same time everyday, then I chose between the guide book or the tutor to help me since using both would be confusing and exhausting. From what I learned on adult learning, the training session should be interactive, one that I can work on and see concrete results or outputs, so settled for the tutor and ditched the guidebook. Second, on my first session, I read the introductory part of the program and had the tutorial run to give an overview of the program, because the HR texts said one must first understand what the training is for and where it could be used to make the person’s job easier or more meaningful. The tutorial was interactive so I got to associate the different commands with its specific functions and I remembered it easily because I could visualize the icon, no wonder programs have icons, it makes the manipulation of the program simpler. After several tutorials I then proceeded to work on the program on my own, I printed the sample exercises and then proceeded to work on the database using the exercises and if I could not make sense of it, I then asked the tutor for help. The best thing about the activities was that it worked on an actual data, although it was fictitious, I had something to work with and could treat them as real. What was gratifying was that every time I was able to complete an exercise and produce the output exactly as it was presented in the training program, I felt I accomplished something and I was sure that I was really learning. At present, I am still on the third chapter but it has been a good run, and that job application seems to be on the positive side since many of those who applied are also not familiar with the program. References Kraiger, K. Ford, J. K. (2006). The expanding role of workplace training: Themes and trends influencing training research and practice.   In L. L. Koppes (Ed.), Historical perspectives in industrial and organizational psychology.   Mahwah, NJ:   Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Kraiger, K. Aguinis, H. (2001). Training effectiveness: Assessing training needs, motivation, and accomplishments.   In M. London (Ed.), How people evaluate others in organizations:   Person perception and interpersonal judgment in I/O psychology. Mathis, R. Jackson, J. (2006). Human resource management 11th   ed. Boston: Thomson/Southwestern. Newell, H. Scarborough, H. (2002). HRM in Context – A Case Study Approach. London: Palgrave. Nkomo, S.,   Fottler, M. McAfee, R. (2005). Applications in human resource management: Cases, Exercises, and Skill Builders 5th   ed. Boston: Thomson/Southwestern. Pfeffer,  J.,  Ã‚  Veiga,  J.F.  Ã‚  (1999).  Ã‚  Putting  people   first  for  organizational  success.   Academy  of Management  Executive,  13,  37 ­48. Salas,  E.,  Cannon ­Bowers,  J.,  Rhodenizer,  L.,  Ã‚  Bowers,  C.  (1999).  Training  in organizations:  Myths,  misconceptions,  and  mistaken  assumptions.  Research  in  Personnel and  Human  Resources  Management,  17, 123 ­161. Ulrich, D. Brockbank, W. (2005). The HR Value Proposition. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. How to cite Learning Analysis, Essay examples

Learning Analysis Free Essays

I wanted to apply for a job maintaining databases; however, the company I was applying for used a different program which I needed to learn before being considered for the application. Although I had no assurance of being hired, I bought the program and the book and resolved to learn the program on my own. Whether I get the job or not, I have learned something new to add to my rà ©sumà ©. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now In my Human Resources Management class, we were taught that the best way to gather information about the prospective applicant is to look at their rà ©sumà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s and that it is often the most used preselection tool. A rà ©sumà © that is complete and presents current information about one’s qualifications and skills will get the most points during selection (Newell Scarborough, 2002). Moreover, it is also important that when a skill or expertise is listed on a rà ©sumà © it is actually verifiable and that one could demonstrate it if needed. This meant that if I really wanted that job, I should be able to master this program or be able to work with it before I submit that application letter. I approached the task with a sense of urgency since the deadline for the application was in a week. I recalled that in the recruitment process, it is important to have a time frame of the recruitment activities as sometimes the need for an applicant to the position is immediate (Newell Scarborough, 2002), since the time frame for the application process was in a week, I figured the company must really be in a hurry to fill the job vacancy. A vacancy in the company can be brought about by external turnovers, where the employee voluntarily leave the company, or an internal turnover, where the employee is promoted to a higher position (Mathis Jackson, 2006). Database administrators usually work alone and it is a very specific job that its job description is basically about how to enter and update information in the company’s database and based on this, I deduced the former employee of the company I was setting my eyes on resigned. Voluntary resignations often occur because of the need for better paying jobs, job dissatisfaction, disagreement with the management and a whole lot more. However, it would be too much of me to think so far ahead about the reasons why the former database administrator left; it’s the case of counting the rotten eggs even before finding the hen. I was in the middle of my thoughts when I realized that I was not yet working on the program. So I proceeded to install the program on my computer and scanned the guidebook to familiarize myself with the icons and the layout of the interface. Setting up the program on my computer was easy; I followed the instructions carefully and installed the software tutor to help me. Then, I had the book of instructions and proceeded to punch out some commands and clicked on the icons on the screen in front of me. Then after 10 minutes, I realized I was not learning anything! I could not make heads or tails about what the program was about really, and it was like a tangle of senseless letters and numbers. Besides, my head was spinning from straining my eyes at the monitor and then looking at the guide book and asking help from the program tutor. In this predicament, I found myself looking back at the human resource management theories that I took up this semester at the university. HR concepts and theories are actually valuable instruments that would help organizations become productive (Ulrich Brockbank, 2005) I remembered that motivating people to learn something new or to have them attend skills training is one of the most difficult tasks that an HR manager have to face. Research had found that employees willingly attend trainings and workshops since it would free them from their daily work routines, however, whether they learn anything from it or not has not been established (Kraiger Ford, 2006). Although, researchers agree that an employee who have positive attitudes towards the training program would likely benefit more from the training while a negative attitude towards the training sessions would mean that the possibility of learning has already been blocked. Designing an effective training program should be based on motivation theories and adult learning. Motivation theories indicate that in order for the individual to accomplish a task, the goal itself should be one that the individual values (Mathis Jackson, 2006). This would mean that the training should be one that is related to the work tasks of the employee and that it could be perceived as an opportunity for growth and development. Training activities should also be designed to provide opportunities for the participants to succeed and feel that they are competent, thus, if the skills training is about making performance evaluation instruments then the participants could be asked to make their own instrument and input can be given in how to make performance evaluations which would either validate the participants skills or teach them new ones. The needs theory of motivation also says that trainings should answer a need; this means that the employee will perceive the training as personally important to him/her if it satisfies a need. The need for growth, for achievement, for competence and for affiliation is answered by training programs. When an employee is required to attend a training workshop, it tells him that the company wants him to become better at his job, that they care about his personal quest for professional growth, and that the company is looking after their employees (Pfeffer   Veiga, 1999). Aside from motivation, a key factor in effective training programs is adult learning theories. The effectiveness of trainings and workshops is measured by the amount of skills transferred from the training to the actual job (Kraiger Aguinis, 2001). However, literature says that training effectiveness in terms of learning transfer has not been adequately studied due to the difficulty of monitoring learning in the workplace. Adult learning theories suggests that adults learn experientially, that is by doing and applying what is being taught (Nkomo, Fottler McAfee, 2005). Thus, if the skills being taught are customer service courtesy, it would be more effective if the skill is taught using role playing techniques and applying it to real life situations than if it was just taught using lectures. Moreover, learning happens in a continuum, one being effective learning and remembering and the other is end is forgetting and decay. Thus, trainings should be given periodically, it should not be a one-shot deal where you would expect that everything is learned and that it should not be repeated (Salas,  Cannon ­Bowers,  Rhodenizer  Ã‚  Bowers, 1999), however it makes no sense to train employees on something that they do not need or one that is not relevant to their jobs. After, this musings and theoretical exercise, I went back to my database program and begun learning it in a different approach. First off, I delegated a time for my learning schedule that is on the same time everyday, then I chose between the guide book or the tutor to help me since using both would be confusing and exhausting. From what I learned on adult learning, the training session should be interactive, one that I can work on and see concrete results or outputs, so settled for the tutor and ditched the guidebook. Second, on my first session, I read the introductory part of the program and had the tutorial run to give an overview of the program, because the HR texts said one must first understand what the training is for and where it could be used to make the person’s job easier or more meaningful. The tutorial was interactive so I got to associate the different commands with its specific functions and I remembered it easily because I could visualize the icon, no wonder programs have icons, it makes the manipulation of the program simpler. After several tutorials I then proceeded to work on the program on my own, I printed the sample exercises and then proceeded to work on the database using the exercises and if I could not make sense of it, I then asked the tutor for help. The best thing about the activities was that it worked on an actual data, although it was fictitious, I had something to work with and could treat them as real. What was gratifying was that every time I was able to complete an exercise and produce the output exactly as it was presented in the training program, I felt I accomplished something and I was sure that I was really learning. At present, I am still on the third chapter but it has been a good run, and that job application seems to be on the positive side since many of those who applied are also not familiar with the program. References Kraiger, K. Ford, J. K. (2006). The expanding role of workplace training: Themes and trends influencing training research and practice.   In L. L. Koppes (Ed.), Historical perspectives in industrial and organizational psychology.   Mahwah, NJ:   Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Kraiger, K. Aguinis, H. (2001). Training effectiveness: Assessing training needs, motivation, and accomplishments.   In M. London (Ed.), How people evaluate others in organizations:   Person perception and interpersonal judgment in I/O psychology. Mathis, R. Jackson, J. (2006). Human resource management 11th   ed. Boston: Thomson/Southwestern. Newell, H. Scarborough, H. (2002). HRM in Context – A Case Study Approach. London: Palgrave. Nkomo, S.,   Fottler, M. McAfee, R. (2005). Applications in human resource management: Cases, Exercises, and Skill Builders 5th   ed. Boston: Thomson/Southwestern. Pfeffer,  J.,  Ã‚  Veiga,  J.F.  Ã‚  (1999).  Ã‚  Putting  people   first  for  organizational  success.   Academy  of Management  Executive,  13,  37 ­48. Salas,  E.,  Cannon ­Bowers,  J.,  Rhodenizer,  L.,  Ã‚  Bowers,  C.  (1999).  Training  in organizations:  Myths,  misconceptions,  and  mistaken  assumptions.  Research  in  Personnel and  Human  Resources  Management,  17, 123 ­161. Ulrich, D. Brockbank, W. (2005). The HR Value Proposition. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. How to cite Learning Analysis, Essay examples

The writers of The Gold Cadillac and Country Lovers portray several issues between them Essay Example For Students

The writers of The Gold Cadillac and Country Lovers portray several issues between them Essay The writers of The Gold Cadillac and Country Lovers portray several issues between them. They both try to emphasise the treatment black people received in the 1950s. They write about many issues such as; the different worlds of Apartheid South Africa, the expectations and the lives of the black characters in the stories and how the society reacts to them in everyday life. In The Gold Cadillac the author shows how much the Black people are separated from the White people in the society WHITE ONLY, COLOURED NOT ALLOWED this obviously isnt very nice to even picture but to somebody that actually is judged by the colour of their skin must feel very angry and upset towards white people. We will write a custom essay on The writers of The Gold Cadillac and Country Lovers portray several issues between them specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A lot of bad things even in society these days in particular countries are blamed on the black people, as some cannot except that they have any talent or good in them at all. Whose car is this boy? They could not even believe that the man owned this car they automatically presumed that he had stolen it, obviously the man didnt like this at all and he decides to argue back, but again this gives the white policemen more ammunition and reason o punish him. The fact that they were stopped due to their colour shows just how much the black people were thought of as useless and unworthy of living within the same area of everybody else, we see in this story the seriousness of the conditions in Apartheid South Africa. Things are very different in Country Lovers we dont see they pressures society put on black people but the shame the white people feel when they fear that others will recognise feelings between the two races. Paulus obviously likes Thebedi very much but when he realises the baby is his he changes into a murderer. This is only an act to hide the shame of him and Thebedi doing what people did when they made love. At the beginning of the story the black people also have an education but they are unable to carry it on because they just work on the farm again the author is showing the insignificance of black people in society. In country lovers Njabulos attitude is positive. Even though the baby may not be his own he still cares for and supports it: Out of his farm labourers earnings he bought from the Indian store a cellophaneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ six napkins, a card of safety pins, a knitted jacket, cap and bootees, a dress, and a tin of Johnsons baby powder for Thebedis baby. He may have chosen to support the baby because he loved her and wanted to help her so put the baby first. It may also be that he knows that the baby belongs to Paulus but is powerless to do anything about it so makes the best of the situation. However, Paulus reacts in a completely different manner thinking only of himself: He  struggled for a moment with a grimace of tears of anger and self pity This makes us feel that he completely inconsiderate and selfish as he and Thebedi have been friends since they were small children and now Paulus is turning his back on her and thinking of himself and how the situation will affect him. The reason Paulus wants the child kept out of sight is because many people in the village are aware of the fact that Paulus and Thebedi were very close friends. If people saw the colour of the baby it wouldnt be long before they would realise that it didnt really belong to Paulus but of a white father. Thebedis baby was killed due to Paulus shame on himself and the shame he would experience if anybody else knew that the baby was his. .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d , .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d .postImageUrl , .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d , .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d:hover , .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d:visited , .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d:active { border:0!important; } .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d:active , .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u43227445d0a5172511393839e6019a0d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: All Quite On The Western Front Generation EssayHe is very worried whether anyone will find out from the look of the baby as it has a few characteristics of Paulus himself. Dont take it outà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦you must give it to someone. The reference to the baby it shows that the baby doesnt have a real importance to Paulus and that his main priority is to excuse himself from the situation so he has nothing to do with it. When Paulus and Thebedi are in court being questioned about the murder of the baby, the author portrays again the shame on the white people and completely ignores the black like they dont even exist. It shows that it doesnt matter what you do if you have dark skin because it is expected of you but is frowned upon if you associate yourself with black people. Even in the farm all we read is black women doing as they were employed to do as casual labour why is it black women should do it? And the writer writes it really briefly as if it is a fact of life that black women should be slaves to white folk. Again the insignificance and unimportance of black people is shown here. Right at the end when we read about the newspaper coverage it portrays the embarrassment of it all by stating shielding his face like he doesnt want everyone or anyone to know that this case even existed with a black person. Then Thebedi was explained and interviewed really briefly basically because they felt they had to and they didnt really care whether she was in it or not. Interviewed by the Sunday papers, which spelled her name in a variety of ways it doesnt matter how black people are treated because they are not worth the hassle. This is the main theme of this story, but thankfully people are treated a lot better in areas of the globe today, hopefully one day all people will be treated the same everywhere.

Souring Relations essays

Souring Relations essays In the years between 1754 and 1774 the relationship between the American colonies and Great Britain soured tremendously. These tensions were caused by an onslaught of events that kept separating the colonies from Britain. Some of these events were the Stamp Act, the Quartering act of1765, the Currency Act of 1764, and the rejection of the Albany plan. Extensive documentation related to the events and American propaganda against Britain expose how Britain's extensive abuse of the colonies led to the hostilities of the American Revolution. The Stamp Act, which was a tax on all documents processed by the colonial government in order to help pay for the expenses of defense was a major cause of discontent of Americans towards Britain. Document G states that the stamp act was supposed to require any citizen to pay three pence on any parchment, piece of paper, declaration, or any copy thereof, passed through in any court of law in the American colonies. The image in Document H uses a skull and crossed bones, which synonymous of bad and evil, to depict the distraught the Stamp Act. The editors of the image believed that the Stamp Act was a threat to their liberties. Document I is a formal response from the Stamp Act Congress to Parliament stating that it was the American's opinion that this act was not respecting their essential rights and liberties. In this document the congress outlines the privileges, they had by being colonial subject of them. The document specifically mentioned, the right to trial by jury, the f act they were not represented in the House of Commons, and that Englishmen should not be taxed without their own consent among others. The Stamp Act Riots in New York in 1765 examined in Document J. These riots were a prime of example of the distraught the Stamp Act caused. The document states that about 5000 people of New York attended the burning of the stamps. Although the Stamp Act was important in the divergenc...

Free sample - Appeasement and the Munich. translation missing

Appeasement and the Munich. Appeasement and the Munich1. How did Chamberlain defend the Munich Agreement? What was he trying to achieve? After tension continued to rise in European continent, because of the speech that was delivered at a Nuremberg by Herr Hitler, the ministers started to examine the tension of the whole situation in the light of this speech. They tried to maintain the state of peace at all possible means. The aim of this speech was the fact that Hitler wanted to attack Czechoslovakia and further continues to attack the upper east. Nevertheless, Hitler knew that it would be hard to conquer and he had to do this as fast as possible before France and the Great Britain could have taken effect. Chamberlain after discovering the acts that Hitler was planning he identified himself with the circumstances and after considering the possibility over the sudden and dramatic step that would have saved the situation he decided that he should inform Hitler that he should go to Germany and see him so that he could calm the situation. After the preparation, he thought that it was better if he persuaded Hitler that â⠂¬Å"Hitler had an unequalled opportunity of raising his own prestige and fulfilling what he has so often declared to be his aim, namely the establishment of an Anglo-German understanding, preceded by a settlement of the Czechoslovakian question† and that he shouldn’t guarantee that â€Å"Dr. Benes would accept this solution, but I should undertake to put all possible pressure on him to do so. 2. What alternatives did Churchill offer to the Munich Agreement? How realistic were these alternatives? On the other hand, Churchill contributed a lot to the Munich agreement despite facing a motion of no confidence Churchill continued to provide a very strong leadership even though the war continued to go bad for the Britain and a couple of defeats. However he continued facing critics because of mending in the military matters and the fact that he continued to be advised by some of his friends rather than his own military commanders. It is said that one of the major contributions that he accomplished was, â€Å"his ability to inspire the British people to greater effort by making public broadcasts on significant occasions†. It is reported that he was a very brilliant orator and a very tireless source of all the sufferings of the blitz. More so played the part of the creation of Bolshevism that actually brought about the formation of Russian revolution which was an n international part of the atheistic Jewish. However, Clynes sates that Churchill â€Å"was and has always remain ed, a soldier in mufti. He possesses inborn militaristic qualities, and is intensely proud of his descent from Marlborough. He cannot visualize Britain without an Empire, or the Empire without wars of acquisition and defense. A hundred years ago he might profoundly have affected the shaping of our country's history. Now, the impulses of peace and internationalism, and the education and equality of the working classes, leave him unmoved†. This shows the character that Churchill posed and the fact that he was a man of the people. 3. Does awareness of this history change your assessment of the Munich Agreement? If so, how and why? At the end of 1918, cultural German delegates from Bohemia and Moravia discarded enclosure in Czechoslovakia and as a substitute declared the combination of German-majority expanse (such as the Sudetenland) with Austria. In response, the new Czech government mobilized its army to enforce its boundaries- even though these boundaries contained over three million ethnic Germans. This awareness did change the Munich agreement because each country learnt to live by its own and protect its people and its country. In the note, this aspect Munich agreement separated most Germans and thus the countries separated from one another in fear of war arising amongst them.

Dementia Patient Care Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dementia Patient Care Plan - Assignment Example Different diseases that directly affect the brain can lead to the development of dementia, with the major cause being Alzheimer disease. As much as scientists have not identified the exact reasons behind and process that individuals develop Alzheimer disease, it is evident that it results from the death of neurons (nerve cells) in the brain (Lu & Bludau, 2011). It is evident that a type of protein referred to as beta-amyloid and protein fiber masses form deposits within the brain of individuals with the disease. Peter* is an 86-year-old Navajo of American-Indian background. He lives with Maria*, his 80-year-old wife, in a ranch on the outskirts of Alaska. The couple solely depends on Peter’s retirement benefits that are not enough to cater for their needs. The government’s health insurance is limited; hence, the family’s expenses majorly lies in Peter’s healthcare. The couple never had children and has to be independent at old age. However, Peter cut-off his drinking habits after attending rehabilitation. In his heydays, he was a professional footballer right before he retired from football and joined the media as a sports reporter. During his football career, Peter was admitted to hospital for a concussion and a brain contusion after continuous complaints of losing balance and having blurred vision. Peter has faced ten driving under the influence (DUI) charges that led to him losing his driving license and attending a rehabilitation center. Peter’s wife has osteoporosis and is weak, an aspect that has made it difficult for her to take care of her husband. Peter has reported cases of increased confusion and forgetfulness. For example, he stated that he often looks for something when he is holding it in the hand, and forgets names of close people and places. Such occurrences have increased concerns for Peter that he could be developing Alzheimer’s disease.  

Discuss the major problem involoved in the develpoment of anticancer Essay

Discuss the major problem involoved in the develpoment of anticancer agents today include in ur answer some discussion what step might be taken to get around so - Essay Example Surgical treatment involves surgical excision of a tumor or an entire organ but the propensity of cancer cells to microscopically metastases makes it effective only in localized small cancers such as breast and prostate tumors. Radiation therapy can come in the form of radiotherapy, X-ray therapy and irradiation and uses ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy involves the treatment of cancer with cytotoxic drugs that can have many effects specifically geared towards the elimination of cancer cells. One of the effects of the drugs is to interfere with cell division by hindering the duplication of DNA and the separation of chromosomes. The anticancer drugs travel through the bloodstream making it useful for cancers that have spread. Monoclonal antibody therapy involves the administration of antibodies that bind to a protein on the surface of the cancer cells. Cancer treatment depends on factors such as location, degree of severity, grade of tumor and the general state of the patient. In essence, the goal of cancer treatment is to remove or destroy the malignant cells without excessive damage to the body. This is easier said than done. Indeed, the treatments mentioned are far from being the panacea for cancer as they are severely limited not only by financial challenges but also of scientific obstacles that makes it very hard for scientists to make a breakthrough in the field of cancer research. The aim of this paper is to determine the challenges facing the development of a cure of cancer. While a discussion on financial constraints would be provided, I will be focusing more on the theoretical and scientific aspects that inhibit the development of cancer cure. Possible solutions for overcoming developing cancer cure that are based on studies will then be discussed and explored to determine the principles of how it would work. 2.0 The Current State of Cancer Research 2.1 Development Processes in Clinical Studies Developing a new drug is an expensive, time-consuming process that usually takes ten years to push through. Development and determination of effectiveness of possible cancer treatment usually comes in the form clinical trials. Clinicaltrials areresearch studies wherein the treatment is applied to human patients to determine if it is effective. Regulating bodies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversee medical and ethical panels that review the research methods and ethics of the clinical trial to be undertaken and monitor the trial phases. The standard phases are the following (Coleman, 1998): Synthesis and Purification (1st and 2nd year) - researchers identify a substance that may be useful as a drug. Animal Testing (1st and 2nd year) - the substance is tested on animals to obtain preliminary information on whether the drug is safe and how it is metabolized in the body. Phase 1 Clinical trials (3rd year) - patients who have advanced cancer and are not helped by any other known treatments are recruited for the trial. They would be subjected to an analysis for the best dosage and delivery method of a new drug treatment. Phase 2 Clinical trials (4th and 5th year) - the drug is tested with groups of patients each having a different type of cancer. This is done to determine what types of cancer can the

Cable Modems in the Workplace :: Internet Cable Modem Essays

Cable Modems in the Workplace Until recently, small businesses could not afford T-1 service to connect to the network. The recent advent of cable modems has provided a cheaper alternative to this problem. Cable operators have primarily targeted consumers in their initial cable modem rollouts. Multiple System Operators (MSOs) are now selling higher priced broadband Internet services to the corporate customer. The question is, does cable modem technology provide the optimum service for a medium sized company that is dependent on the Internet for data computing and research? To answer this question, we have to evaluate the price, bandwidth, and reliability in the business network. One significant factor that separates cable modem technology from other telephone networks is its ability to share bandwidth on the network. This characteristic is both an advantage and disadvantage for cable modems. The advantage is that cable modem users have the ability to use as much bandwidth as possible when it is available. The disadvantage resides in network congestion. When the user needs the bandwidth for a large file download or upload, it is not guaranteed the bandwidth. Lack of guaranteed bandwidth and modem reliability is the biggest concern that most companies have with cable modems. Yes, it is cheap, but can it perform? In the past, the reliability rate was 50% to 60% because of improper equipment and technology. (Schuman, Now playing:, 1999) More recently, upgrades of the cable system has allowed close to 98% cable modem reliability. Reliability is also dependent upon the number of users the cable company has hooked up to the cable node. If too many users are connected to the same node, there will be degradation in throughput. The cable company claims 30 Mbps downstream data transfer, but sharing often makes it more like 1.5 Mbps. (ZDNET, Cable Modems:, 1999) The quality cable companies like TCI, mitigates the uneasiness about reliability and questionable throughput by providing guaranteed upstream bandwidth, and excellent technical support. The reliability and congestion issues all seem to be problems of the past with the current upgrad es and service quality improvements made by the cable company. The big advantage that attracts many businesses is the low monthly fees compared to T-1 lines. A traditional T-1 line will cost at least $1,000 per month, where as TCI cable company charges $249 per month for 256 Kbps upstream connection.

Magwitch’s feelings about dying

I am going to die. Going to die I am. I am to die going. Five flittering little words, whirling round and round my head. Death. The Grim Reaper, Lucifer, the Great Crow, the Black Cat, Anubis, the Pale Horseman. Humanity's greatest mystery, oldest fear, the Hourglass we all try to run away from, finally to be unmasked; I am no longer afraid. Suddenly, there is so much I want to say, so much I want to do, but in my sudden rush of adrenaline I am confined to these four walls, this hard, rough mattress, eyes fixed on the blank, white ceiling. I want to move, say something, let the world know that this is it, I'm through, I'm done†¦but then again, who will care? It hits me; what are we, foolish human beasts? Did we really think we could cut the marionette strings that link us to Time's fiddling hands? Is it possible, that we once believed we were safe from the sharp edges of the Fates' scissors? Surely we didn't, couldn't, once imagine that we would be prepared to die, that we would know when our ferry through Acheron would embark. No, surely not; before you know it, the obolus is stuffed down your throat and Charon's dark paddle begins to glide through the gloomy waters of the underworld. I repeat, I am not afraid, just mystified by the mists of the Unknown that follow behind the curtain. I can see it, flimsy little thing; a roughly cut, black silk sheet, full of whispers and buzzing voices. Who's there? Can I touch it? I'm going insane. No Magwitch, there is no curtain, there's just the blank white ceiling, get some sleep. I don't want to sleep! I want to go! I want to touch the curtain! What does it feel like? It looks so soft†¦ too soft. Something isn't right. It's not beautiful anymore, in fact, as you get closer to it, you can see it really isn't silk, they're dirty rags, intertwined in each other's filth†¦I don't want to pull this curtain anymore, I don't like it. Pip! Come back! Come back and tell me of my daughter! May I know more of her before I die that the mere fact that she is alive and the woman of your dreams! Please†¦the Lord won't be merciful to me! Please†¦don't leave me†¦ I am not ready for this, but I let it happen anyways; with one last sweeping action, the curtain engulfs me in its sea of black. I am going to die. I am dead.

Why Did Tyrannosaurus Rex Have Such Tiny Arms

Tyrannosaurus Rex may or may not have been the most fearsome dinosaur that ever lived (you can also make a good case for Allosaurus, Spinosaurus or Giganotosaurus), but however high it ranks on the all-time viciousness charts, this meat-eater had one of the smallest arm-to-body-mass ratios of the entire Mesozoic Era. For decades, paleontologist and biologists have debated how T. Rex used its arms, and whether a further 10 million or so years of evolution (assuming the K/T Extinction hadnt happened) might have caused them to disappear entirely, the way they have in modern snakes. The Arms of Tyrannosaurus Rex Were Tiny Only in Relative Terms Before exploring this issue further, it helps to define what we mean by tiny. Because the rest of T. Rex was so huge--adult specimens of this dinosaur measured about 40 feet from head to tail and weighed anywhere from 7 to 10 tons--its arms only seemed small in proportion to the rest of its body, and were still pretty impressive in their own right. In fact, T. Rexs arms were over three feet in length, and a recent analysis has shown that they may have been capable of bench-pressing over 400 pounds each. Pound for pound, this study concludes, T. Rexs arm muscles were over three times more powerful than those of an adult human! Theres also a fair degree of misunderstanding about the range of T. Rexs arm motion and the flexibility of this dinosaurs fingers. The arms of T. Rex were fairly limited in their scope--they could only swing across an angle of about 45 degrees, compared to a much wider range for smaller, more flexible theropod dinosaurs like Deinonychus--but then again, disproportionately small arms wouldnt require a wide angle of operation. And as far as we know, the two large fingers on each of T. Rexs hands (a third, the metacarpal, was truly vestigial in pretty much every sense) were more than capable of snatching live, wriggling prey and holding it tight. How Did T. Rex Use Its Tiny Arms? This leads us to the million-dollar question: given their unexpectedly wide range of functionality, combined with their limited size, how did T. Rex actually use its arms? There have been a few proposals over the years, all (or some) of which may be true: T. Rex males mainly used their arms and hands to grab onto females during mating (females still possessed these limbs, of course, presumably using them for the other purposes listed below). Given how little we currently know about dinosaur sex, this is an iffy proposition at best!T. Rex used its arms to lever itself off the ground if it happened to be knocked off its feet during battle, say, with an eager-not-to-be-eaten Triceratops (which can be a tough proposition if you weigh eight or nine tons), or if it slept in a prone position.T. Rex used its arms to clutch tightly onto squirming prey before it delivered a killer bite with its jaws. (This dinosaurs powerful arm muscles lend further credence to this idea, but once again, we cant adduce any direct fossil evidence for this behavior.) At this point you may be asking: how do we know if T. Rex used its arms at all? Well, nature tends to be very economical in its operation: its unlikely that the tiny arms of theropod dinosaurs would have persisted into the late Cretaceous period if these limbs didnt serve at least some useful purpose. (The most extreme example in this respect wasnt T. Rex, but the two-ton Carnotaurus, the arms, and hands of which were truly nubbin-like; even so, this dinosaur probably needed its stunted limbs to at least push itself off the ground if it happened to fall down.) In Nature, Structures That Seem to be Vestigial Often Arent When discussing the arms of T. Rex, its important to understand that the word vestigial is in the eyes of the beholder. A truly vestigial structure is one that served a purpose at some point far back in an animals family tree but was gradually reduced in size and functionality as an adaptive response to millions of years of evolutionary pressure. Perhaps the best example of truly vestigial structures are the remnants of five-toed feet that can be identified in the skeletons of snakes (which is how naturalists realized that snakes evolved from five-toed vertebrate ancestors). However, its also often the case that biologists (or paleontologists) describe a structure as vestigial simply because they havent figured out its purpose yet. For example, the appendix was long thought to be the classic human vestigial organ, until it was discovered that this tiny sac can reboot the bacterial colonies in our intestines after theyve been wiped out by disease or some other catastrophic event. (Presumably, this evolutionary advantage counterbalances the tendency of human appendixes to become infected, resulting in life-threatening appendicitis.) As with our appendixes, so with the arms of Tyrannosaurus Rex. The most likely explanation for T. Rexs oddly proportioned arms is that they were exactly as big as they needed to be. This fearsome dinosaur would quickly have gone extinct if it didnt have any arms at all -- either because it wouldnt be able to mate and produce baby T. Rexes, or it wouldnt be able to get back up if it fell to the ground, or it wouldnt be able to pick up small, quivering ornithopods and hold them into its chest close enough to bite off their heads!